Routing and Switching Essentials v6 Course Booklet

<p><strong>Chapter 0</strong> Course Introduction 1</p> <p>0.0 Welcome to Routing and Switching Essentials 1</p> <p>0.0.1 Message to the Student 1</p> <p>0.0.1.1 Welcome 1</p> <p>0.0.1.2 A Global Community 1</p> <p>0.0.1.3 More Than Just Information 1</p> <p>0.0.1.4 How We Teach 2</p> <p>0.0.1.5 Practice Leads to Mastery 2</p> <p>0.0.1.6 Mind Wide Open 2</p> <p>0.0.1.7 Engineering Journals 2</p> <p>0.0.1.8 Explore the World of Networking 2</p> <p>0.0.1.9 Create Your Own Worlds 2</p> <p>0.0.1.10 How Packet Tracer Helps Master Concepts 3</p> <p>0.0.1.11 Course Overview 3</p> <p><strong>Chapter 1</strong> Routing Concepts 5</p> <p>1.0 Introduction 5</p> <p>1.0.1.1 Routing Concepts 5</p> <p>1.0.1.2 Activity — Do We Really Need a Map? 5</p> <p>1.1 Router Initial Configuration 6</p> <p>1.1.1 Router Functions 6</p> <p>1.1.1.1 Characteristics of a Network 6</p> <p>1.1.1.2 Why Routing? 7</p> <p>1.1.1.3 Routers Are Computers 7</p> <p>1.1.1.4 Routers Interconnect Networks 8</p> <p>1.1.1.5 Routers Choose Best Paths 8</p> <p>1.1.1.6 Packet Forwarding Mechanisms 9</p> <p>1.1.1.7 Activity — Identify Router Components 10</p> <p>1.1.1.8 Packet Tracer — Using Traceroute to Discover the Network 10</p> <p>1.1.1.9 Lab — Mapping the Internet 10</p> <p>1.1.2 Connect Devices 10</p> <p>1.1.2.1 Connect to a Network 10</p> <p>1.1.2.2 Default Gateways 11</p> <p>1.1.2.3 Document Network Addressing 12</p> <p>1.1.2.4 Enable IP on a Host 12</p> <p>1.1.2.5 Device LEDs 13</p> <p>1.1.2.6 Console Access 13</p> <p>1.1.2.7 Enable IP on a Switch 14</p> <p>1.1.2.8 Activity — Document an Addressing Scheme 14</p> <p>1.1.2.9 Packet Tracer — Documenting the Network 14</p> <p>1.1.3 Router Basic Settings 14</p> <p>1.1.3.1 Configure Basic Router Settings 14</p> <p>1.1.3.2 Configure an IPv4 Router Interface 15</p> <p>1.1.3.3 Configure an IPv6 Router Interface 15</p> <p>1.1.3.4 Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface 16</p> <p>1.1.3.5 Packet Tracer — Configuring IPv4 and IPv6 Interfaces 17</p> <p>1.1.4 Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks 17</p> <p>1.1.4.1 Verify Interface Settings 17</p> <p>1.1.4.2 Verify IPv6 Interface Settings 18</p> <p>1.1.4.3 Filter Show Command Output 19</p> <p>1.1.4.4 Command History Feature 19</p> <p>1.1.4.5 Packet Tracer — Configuring and Verifying a Small Network 20</p> <p>1.1.4.6 Lab — Configuring Basic Router Settings with IOS CLI 20</p> <p>1.2 Routing Decisions 20</p> <p>1.2.1 Switching Packets Between Networks 20</p> <p>1.2.1.1 Router Switching Function 20</p> <p>1.2.1.2 Send a Packet 21</p> <p>1.2.1.3 Forward to the Next Hop 21</p> <p>1.2.1.4 Packet Routing 22</p> <p>1.2.1.5 Reach the Destination 23</p> <p>1.2.1.6 Activity — Match Layer 2 and Layer 3 Addressing 23</p> <p>1.2.2 Path Determination 23</p> <p>1.2.2.1 Routing Decisions 23</p> <p>1.2.2.2 Best Path 24</p> <p>1.2.2.3 Load Balancing 24</p> <p>1.2.2.4 Administrative Distance 25</p> <p>1.2.2.5 Activity — Order the Steps in the Packet Forwarding Process 25</p> <p>1.2.2.6 Activity — Match the Administrative Distance to the Route Source 25</p> <p>1.3 Router Operation 25</p> <p>1.3.1 Analyze the Routing Table 25</p> <p>1.3.1.1 The Routing Table 25</p> <p>1.3.1.2 Routing Table Sources 26</p> <p>1.3.1.3 Remote Network Routing Entries 27</p> <p>1.3.1.4 Activity — Interpret the Content of a Routing Table Entry 27</p> <p>1.3.2 Directly Connected Routes 27</p> <p>1.3.2.1 Directly Connected Interfaces 27</p> <p>1.3.2.2 Directly Connected Routing Table Entries 27</p> <p>1.3.2.3 Directly Connected Examples 28</p> <p>1.3.2.4 Directly Connected IPv6 Example 28</p> <p>1.3.2.5 Packet Tracer — Investigating Directly Connected Routes 29</p> <p>1.3.3 Statically Learned Routes 29</p> <p>1.3.3.1 Static Routes 29</p> <p>1.3.3.2 Static Route Examples 29</p> <p>1.3.3.3 Static IPv6 Route Examples 30</p> <p>1.3.4 Dynamic Routing Protocols 31</p> <p>1.3.4.1 Dynamic Routing 31</p> <p>1.3.4.2 IPv4 Routing Protocols 31</p> <p>1.3.4.3 IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples 31</p> <p>1.3.4.4 IPv6 Routing Protocols 32</p> <p>1.3.4.5 IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples 32</p> <p>1.4 Summary 32</p> <p>1.4.1.1 Activity — We Really Could Use a Map! 32</p> <p>1.4.1.2 Routing Concepts 33</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2</strong> Static Routing 35</p> <p>2.0 Introduction 35</p> <p>2.0.1.1 Static Routing 35</p> <p>2.0.1.2 Activity — Which Way Should We Go 35</p> <p>2.1 Implement Static Routes 36</p> <p>2.1.1 Static Routing 36</p> <p>2.1.1.1 Reach Remote Networks 36</p> <p>2.1.1.2 Why Use Static Routing? 36</p> <p>2.1.1.3 When to Use Static Routes 37</p> <p>2.1.1.4 Activity — Identify the Advantages and Disadvantages of Static Routing 37</p> <p>2.1.2 Types of Static Routes 37</p> <p>2.1.2.1 Static Route Applications 37</p> <p>2.1.2.2 Standard Static Route 38</p> <p>2.1.2.3 Default Static Route 38</p> <p>2.1.2.4 Summary Static Route 38</p> <p>2.1.2.5 Floating Static Route 38</p> <p>2.1.2.6 Activity — Identify the Type of Static Route 39</p> <p>2.2 Configure Static and Default Routes 39</p> <p>2.2.1 Configure IPv4 Static Routes 39</p> <p>2.2.1.1 ip route Command 39</p> <p>2.2.1.2 Next-Hop Options 40</p> <p>2.2.1.3 Configure a Next-Hop Static Route 40</p> <p>2.2.1.4 Configure a Directly Connected Static Route 41</p> <p>2.2.1.5 Configure a Fully Specified Static Route 41</p> <p>2.2.1.6 Verify a Static Route 42</p> <p>2.2.2 Configure IPv4 Default Routes 43</p> <p>2.2.2.1 Default Static Route 43</p> <p>2.2.2.2 Configure a Default Static Route 43</p> <p>2.2.2.3 Verify a Default Static Route 43</p> <p>2.2.2.4 Packet Tracer — Configuring IPv4 Static and Default Routes 44</p> <p>2.2.2.5 Lab — Configuring IPv4 Static and Default Routes 44</p> <p>2.2.3 Configure IPv6 Static Routes 44</p> <p>2.2.3.1 The ipv6 route Command 44</p> <p>2.2.3.2 Next-Hop Options 44</p> <p>2.2.3.3 Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route 45</p> <p>2.2.3.4 Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route 46</p> <p>2.2.3.5 Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route 46</p> <p>2.2.3.6 Verify IPv6 Static Routes 47</p> <p>2.2.4 Configure IPv6 Default Routes 47</p> <p>2.2.4.1 Default Static IPv6 Route 47</p> <p>2.2.4.2 Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route 47</p> <p>2.2.4.3 Verify a Default Static Route 48</p> <p>2.2.4.4 Packet Tracer — Configuring IPv6 Static and Default Routes 48</p> <p>2.2.4.5 Lab — Configuring IPv6 Static and Default Routes 48</p> <p>2.2.5 Configure Floating Static Routes 48</p> <p>2.2.5.1 Floating Static Routes 48</p> <p>2.2.5.2 Configure an IPv4 Floating Static Route 49</p> <p>2.2.5.3 Test the IPv4 Floating Static Route 49</p> <p>2.2.5.4 Configure an IPv6 Floating Static Route 49</p> <p>2.2.5.5 Packet Tracer — Configuring Floating Static Routes 50</p> <p>2.2.6 Configure Static Host Routes 50</p> <p>2.2.6.1 Automatically Installed Host Routes 50</p> <p>2.2.6.2 Configure IPv4 and IPv6 Static Host Routes 50</p> <p>2.3 Troubleshoot Static and Default Route 51</p> <p>2.3.1 Packet Processing with Static Routes 51</p> <p>2.3.1.1 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding 51</p> <p>2.3.2 Troubleshoot IPv4 Static and Default Route Configuration 51</p> <p>2.3.2.1 Troubleshoot a Missing Route 51</p> <p>2.3.2.2 Solve a Connectivity Problem 52</p> <p>2.3.2.3 Packet Tracer — Troubleshooting Static Routes 53</p> <p>2.3.2.4 Lab — Troubleshooting Static Routes 53</p> <p>2.4 Summary 53</p> <p>2.4.1.1 Activity — Make It Static 53</p> <p>2.4.1.2 Static Routing 54</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3</strong> Dynamic Routing 57</p> <p>3.0 Introduction 57</p> <p>3.0.1.1 Dynamic Routing 57</p> <p>3.0.1.2 How Much Does This Cost 57</p> <p>3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols 58</p> <p>3.1.1 Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview 58</p> <p>3.1.1.1 Dynamic Routing Protocol Evolution 58</p> <p>3.1.1.2 Dynamic Routing Protocol Components 59</p> <p>3.1.2 Dynamic versus Static Routing 59</p> <p>3.1.2.1 Static Routing Uses 59</p> <p>3.1.2.2 Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages 60</p> <p>3.1.2.3 Dynamic Routing Protocols Uses 60</p> <p>3.1.2.4 Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages 60</p> <p>3.1.2.5 Activity — Compare Static and Dynamic Routing 60</p> <p>3.2 RIPv2 61</p> <p>3.2.1 Configuring the RIP Protocol 61</p> <p>3.2.1.1 Router RIP Configuration Mode 61</p> <p>3.2.1.2 Advertise Networks 61</p> <p>3.2.1.3 Verify RIP Routing 62</p> <p>3.2.1.4 Enable and Verify RIPv2 62</p> <p>3.2.1.5 Disable Auto Summarization 63</p> <p>3.2.1.6 Configure Passive Interfaces 63</p> <p>3.2.1.7 Propagate a Default Route 64</p> <p>3.2.1.8 Packet Tracer — Configuring RIPv2 64</p> <p>3.2.1.9 Lab — Configuring Basic RIPv2 64</p> <p>3.3 The Routing Table 64</p> <p>3.3.1 Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry 64</p> <p>3.3.1.1 Routing Table Entries 64</p> <p>3.3.1.2 Directly Connected Entries 65</p> <p>3.3.1.3 Remote Network Entries 66</p> <p>3.3.1.4 Activity — Identify Parts of an IPv4 Routing Table Entry 66</p> <p>3.3.2 Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 66</p> <p>3.3.2.1 Routing Table Terms 66</p> <p>3.3.2.2 Ultimate Route 66</p> <p>3.3.2.3 Level 1 Route 67</p> <p>3.3.2.4 Level 1 Parent Route 67</p> <p>3.3.2.5 Level 2 Child Route 67</p> <p>3.3.2.6 Activity — Identify Parent and Child IPv4 Routes 67</p> <p>3.3.3 The IPv4 Route Lookup Process 67</p> <p>3.3.3.1 Route Lookup Process 67</p> <p>3.3.3.2 Best Route = Longest Match 68</p> <p>3.3.3.3 Activity — Determine the Longest Match Route 69</p> <p>3.3.4 Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table 69</p> <p>3.3.4.1 IPv6 Routing Table Entries 69</p> <p>3.3.4.2 Directly Connected Entries 69</p> <p>3.3.4.3 Remote IPv6 Network Entries 70</p> <p>3.3.4.4 Activity — Identify Parts of an IPv6 Routing Table Entry 70</p> <p>3.4 Summary 70</p> <p>3.4.1.1 IPv6 — Details, Details... 70</p> <p>3.4.1.2 Dynamic Routing 71</p> <p><strong>Chapter 4</strong> Switched Networks 73</p> <p>4.0 Introduction 73</p> <p>4.0.1.1 Switched Networks 73</p> <p>4.0.1.2 Sent or Received Instructions 73</p> <p>4.1 LAN Design 74</p> <p>4.1.1 Converged Networks 74</p> <p>4.1.1.1 Growing Complexity of Networks 74</p> <p>4.1.1.2 Elements of a Converged Network 74</p> <p>4.1.1.3 Cisco Borderless Networks 75</p> <p>4.1.1.4 Hierarchy in the Borderless Switched Network 75</p> <p>4.1.1.5 Access, Distribution, and Core Layers 76</p> <p>4.1.1.6 Activity - Identify Switched Network Terminology 77</p> <p>4.1.2 Switched Networks 77</p> <p>4.1.2.1 Role of Switched Networks 77</p> <p>4.1.2.2 Form Factors 77</p> <p>4.1.2.3 Activity - Identify Switch Hardware 78</p> <p>4.2 The Switched Environment 78</p> <p>4.2.1 Frame Forwarding 78</p> <p>4.2.1.1 Switching as a General Concept in Networking and Telecommunications 78</p> <p>4.2.1.2 Dynamically Populating a Switch MAC Address Table 79</p> <p>4.2.1.3 Switch Forwarding Methods 80</p> <p>4.2.1.4 Store-and-Forward Switching 80</p> <p>4.2.1.5 Cut-Through Switching 81</p> <p>4.2.1.6 Activity — Frame Forwarding Methods 81</p> <p>4.2.1.7 Activity — Switch It! 81</p> <p>4.2.2 Switching Domains 81</p> <p>4.2.2.1 Collision Domains 81</p> <p>4.2.2.2 Broadcast Domains 82</p> <p>4.2.2.3 Alleviating Network Congestion 82</p> <p>4.2.2.4 Activity — Circle the Domain 83</p> <p>4.3 Summary 83</p> <p>4.3.1.1 It's Network Access Time 83</p> <p>4.3.1.2 Basic Switch Configurations 83</p> <p>4.3.1.3 Switched Networks 83</p> <p><strong>Chapter 5</strong> Switch Configuration 87</p> <p>5.0 Introduction 87</p> <p>5.0.1.1 Switch Configuration 87</p> <p>5.0.1.2 Activity — Stand By Me 87</p> <p>5.1 Basic Switch Configuration 88</p> <p>5.1.1 Configure a Switch with Initial Settings 88</p> <p>5.1.1.1 Switch Boot Sequence 88</p> <p>5.1.1.2 Recovering From a System Crash 89</p> <p>5.1.1.3 Switch LED Indicators 89</p> <p>5.1.1.4 Preparing for Basic Switch Management 90</p> <p>5.1.1.5 Configuring Basic Switch Management Access with IPv4 91</p> <p>5.1.1.6 Lab - Basic Switch Configuration 91</p> <p>5.1.2 Configure Switch Ports 92</p> <p>5.1.2.1 Duplex Communication 92</p> <p>5.1.2.2 Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer 92</p> <p>5.1.2.3 Auto-MDIX 93</p> <p>5.1.2.4 Verifying Switch Port Configuration 93</p> <p>5.1.2.5 Network Access Layer Issues 94</p> <p>5.1.2.6 Troubleshooting Network Access Layer Issues 95</p> <p>5.2 Switch Security 96</p> <p>5.2.1 Secure Remote Access 96</p> <p>5.2.1.1 SSH Operation 96</p> <p>5.2.1.2 Configuring SSH 96</p> <p>5.2.1.3 Verifying SSH 97</p> <p>5.2.1.4 Packet Tracer - Configuring SSH 98</p> <p>5.2.2 Switch Port Security 98</p> <p>5.2.2.1 Secure Unused Ports 98</p> <p>5.2.2.2 Port Security: Operation 98</p> <p>5.2.2.3 Port Security: Violation Modes 100</p> <p>5.2.2.4 Port Security: Configuring 100</p> <p>5.2.2.5 Port Security: Verifying 100</p> <p>5.2.2.6 Ports in Error Disabled State 101</p> <p>5.2.2.7 Packet Tracer - Configuring Switch Port Security 101</p> <p>5.2.2.8 Packet Tracer - Troubleshooting Switch Port Security 101</p> <p>5.2.2.9 Lab - Configuring Switch Security Features 102</p> <p>5.3 Summary 102</p> <p>5.3.1.1 Activity — Switch Trio 102</p> <p>5.3.1.2 Packet Tracer - Skills Integration Challenge 102</p> <p>5.3.1.3 Switch Configuration 102</p> <p><strong>Chapter 6</strong> VLANs 107</p> <p>6.0 Introduction 107</p> <p>6.0.1.1 VLANs 107</p> <p>6.0.1.2 Class Activity — Vacation Station 107</p> <p>6.1 VLAN Segmentation 108</p> <p>6.1.1 Overview of VLANs 108</p> <p>6.1.1.1 VLAN Definitions 108</p> <p>6.1.1.2 Benefits of VLANs 108</p> <p>6.1.1.3 Types of VLANs 109</p> <p>6.1.1.4 Voice VLANs 110</p> <p>6.1.1.5 Packet Tracer — Who Hears the Broadcast? 111</p> <p>6.1.2 VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment 111</p> <p>6.1.2.1 VLAN Trunks 111</p> <p>6.1.2.2 Controlling Broadcast Domains with VLANs 111</p> <p>6.1.2.3 Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification 112</p> <p>6.1.2.4 Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging 113</p> <p>6.1.2.5 Voice VLAN Tagging 113</p> <p>6.1.2.6 Activity — Predict Switch Behavior 114</p> <p>6.1.2.7 Packet Tracer — Investigating a VLAN Implementation 114</p> <p>6.2 VLAN Implementations 114</p> <p>6.2.1 VLAN Assignment 114</p> <p>6.2.1.1 VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches 114</p> <p>6.2.1.2 Creating a VLAN 115</p> <p>6.2.1.3 Assigning Ports to VLANs 116</p> <p>6.2.1.4 Changing VLAN Port Membership 116</p> <p>6.2.1.5 Deleting VLANs 117</p> <p>6.2.1.6 Verifying VLAN Information 117</p> <p>6.2.1.7 Packet Tracer — Configuring VLANs 117</p> <p>6.2.2 VLAN Trunks 118</p> <p>6.2.2.1 Configuring IEEE 802.1Q Trunk Links 118</p> <p>6.2.2.2 Resetting the Trunk to Default State 118</p> <p>6.2.2.3 Verifying Trunk Configuration 119</p> <p>6.2.2.4 Packet Tracer — Configuring Trunks 119</p> <p>6.2.2.5 Lab — Configuring VLANs and Trunking 119</p> <p>6.2.3 Troubleshoot VLANs and Trunks 119</p> <p>6.2.3.1 IP Addressing Issues with VLAN 119</p> <p>6.2.3.2 Missing VLANs 120</p> <p>6.2.3.3 Introduction to Troubleshooting Trunks 120</p> <p>6.2.3.4 Common Problems with Trunks 121</p> <p>6.2.3.5 Incorrect Port Mode 121</p> <p>6.2.3.6 Incorrect VLAN List 122</p> <p>6.2.3.7 Packet Tracer — Troubleshooting a VLAN Implementation — Scenario 1 122</p> <p>6.2.3.8 Packet Tracer — Troubleshooting a VLAN</p>