Scaling Networks v6 Companion Guide

<p>Introduction xx</p> <p><strong>Chapter 1</strong> LAN Design 1</p> <p>Objectives 1</p> <p>Key Terms 1</p> <p>Introduction (1.0.1.1) 3</p> <p>Campus Wired LAN Designs (1.1) 4</p> <p>Cisco Validated Designs (1.1.1) 4</p> <p>The Need to Scale the Network (1.1.1.1) 4</p> <p>Hierarchical Design Model (1.1.1.2) 6</p> <p>Expanding the Network (1.1.2) 8</p> <p>Design for Scalability (1.1.2.1) 8</p> <p>Planning for Redundancy (1.1.2.2) 10</p> <p>Failure Domains (1.1.2.3) 11</p> <p>Increasing Bandwidth (1.1.2.4) 13</p> <p>Expanding the Access Layer (1.1.2.5) 14</p> <p>Fine-tuning Routing Protocols (1.1.2.6) 15</p> <p>Selecting Network Devices (1.2) 17</p> <p>Switch Hardware (1.2.1) 17</p> <p>Switch Platforms (1.2.1.1) 17</p> <p>Port Density (1.2.1.2) 21</p> <p>Forwarding Rates (1.2.1.3) 22</p> <p>Power over Ethernet (1.2.1.4) 23</p> <p>Multilayer Switching (1.2.1.5) 24</p> <p>Router Hardware (1.2.2) 26</p> <p>Router Requirements (1.2.2.1) 26</p> <p>Cisco Routers (1.2.2.2) 27</p> <p>Router Hardware (1.2.2.3) 28</p> <p>Managing Devices (1.2.3) 29</p> <p>Managing IOS Files and Licensing (1.2.3.1) 30</p> <p>In-Band versus Out-of-Band Management (1.2.3.2) 30</p> <p>Basic Router CLI Commands (1.2.3.3) 31</p> <p>Basic Router Show Commands (1.2.3.4) 34</p> <p>Basic Switch CLI Commands (1.2.3.5) 38</p> <p>Basic Switch Show Commands (1.2.3.6) 40</p> <p>Summary (1.3) 43</p> <p>Practice 44</p> <p>Check Your Understanding Questions 45</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2</strong> Scaling VLANs 47</p> <p>Objectives 47</p> <p>Key Terms 47</p> <p>Introduction (2.0.1.1) 48</p> <p>VTP, Extended VLANs, and DTP (2.1) 48</p> <p>VTP Concepts and Operation (2.1.1) 49</p> <p>VTP Overview (2.1.1.1) 49</p> <p>VTP Modes (2.1.1.2) 50</p> <p>VTP Advertisements (2.1.1.3) 52</p> <p>VTP Versions (2.1.1.4) 53</p> <p>Default VTP Configuration (2.1.1.5) 53</p> <p>VTP Caveats (2.1.1.6) 55</p> <p>VTP Configuration (2.1.2) 57</p> <p>VTP Configuration Overview (2.1.2.1) 57</p> <p>Step 1–Configure the VTP Server (2.1.2.2) 58</p> <p>Step 2–Configure the VTP Domain Name and Password (2.1.2.3) 59</p> <p>Step 3–Configure the VTP Clients (2.1.2.4) 60</p> <p>Step 4–Configure VLANs on the VTP Server (2.1.2.5) 60</p> <p>Step 5–Verify That the VTP Clients Have Received the New VLAN Information (2.1.2.6) 62</p> <p>Extended VLANs (2.1.3) 63</p> <p>VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches (2.1.3.1) 63</p> <p>Creating a VLAN (2.1.3.2) 65</p> <p>Assigning Ports to VLANs (2.1.3.3) 66</p> <p>Verifying VLAN Information (2.1.3.4) 67</p> <p>Configuring Extended VLANs (2.1.3.5) 69</p> <p>Dynamic Trunking Protocol (2.1.4) 71</p> <p>Introduction to DTP (2.1.4.1) 71</p> <p>Negotiated Interface Modes (2.1.4.2) 72</p> <p>Troubleshoot Multi-VLAN Issues (2.2) 75</p> <p>Inter-VLAN Configuration Issues (2.2.1) 75</p> <p>Deleting VLANs (2.2.1.1) 75</p> <p>Switch Port Issues (2.2.1.2) 77</p> <p>Verify Switch Configuration (2.2.1.3) 79</p> <p>Interface Issues (2.2.1.4) 81</p> <p>Verify Routing Configuration (2.2.1.5) 82</p> <p>IP Addressing Issues (2.2.2) 83</p> <p>Errors with IP Addresses and Subnet Masks (2.2.2.1) 83</p> <p>Verifying IP Address and Subnet Mask Configuration Issues (2.2.2.2) 85</p> <p>VTP and DTP Issues (2.2.3) 88</p> <p>Troubleshoot VTP Issues (2.2.3.1) 88</p> <p>Troubleshoot DTP Issues (2.2.3.2) 89</p> <p>Layer 3 Switching (2.3) 89</p> <p>Layer 3 Switching Operation and Configuration (2.3.1) 90</p> <p>Introduction to Layer 3 Switching (2.3.1.1) 90</p> <p>Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (2.3.1.2) 91</p> <p>Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (Con't.) (2.3.1.3) 92</p> <p>Inter-VLAN Routing with Routed Ports (2.3.1.4) 94</p> <p>Troubleshoot Layer 3 Switching (2.3.2) 95</p> <p>Layer 3 Switch Configuration Issues (2.3.2.1) 95</p> <p>Example: Troubleshooting Layer 3 Switching (2.3.2.2) 96</p> <p>Summary (2.4) 99</p> <p>Practice 99</p> <p>Check Your Understanding Questions 100</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3</strong> STP 105</p> <p>Objectives 105</p> <p>Key Terms 105</p> <p>Introduction (3.0.1.1) 107</p> <p>Spanning Tree Concepts (3.1) 108</p> <p>Purpose of Spanning Tree (3.1.1) 108</p> <p>Redundancy at OSI Layers 1 and 2 (3.1.1.1) 108</p> <p>Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: MAC Database Instability (3.1.1.2) 109</p> <p>Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: Broadcast Storms (3.1.1.3) 111</p> <p>Issues with Layer 1 Redundancy: Duplicate Unicast Frames (3.1.1.4) 113</p> <p>STP Operation (3.1.2) 114</p> <p>Spanning Tree Algorithm: Introduction (3.1.2.1) 114</p> <p>Spanning Tree Algorithm: Port Roles (3.1.2.2) 117</p> <p>Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Bridge (3.1.2.3) 119</p> <p>Spanning Tree Algorithm: Root Path Cost (3.1.2.4) 121</p> <p>Port Role Decisions for RSTP (3.1.2.5) 124</p> <p>Designated and Alternate Ports (3.1.2.6) 127</p> <p>802.1D BPDU Frame Format (3.1.2.7) 128</p> <p>802.1D BPDU Propagation and Process (3.1.2.8) 131</p> <p>Extended System ID (3.1.2.9) 136</p> <p>Varieties of Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2) 140</p> <p>Overview (3.2.1) 140</p> <p>Types of Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2.1.1) 140</p> <p>Characteristics of the Spanning Tree Protocols (3.2.1.2) 141</p> <p>PVST+ (3.2.2) 143</p> <p>Overview of PVST+ (3.2.2.1) 143</p> <p>Port States and PVST+ Operation (3.2.2.2) 144</p> <p>Extended System ID and PVST+ Operation (3.2.2.3) 146</p> <p>Rapid PVST+ (3.2.3) 148</p> <p>Overview of Rapid PVST+ (3.2.3.1) 148</p> <p>RSTP BPDUs (3.2.3.2) 149</p> <p>Edge Ports (3.2.3.3) 150</p> <p>Link Types (3.2.3.4) 152</p> <p>Spanning Tree Configuration (3.3) 153</p> <p>PVST+ Configuration (3.3.1) 153</p> <p>Catalyst 2960 Default Configuration (3.3.1.1) 153</p> <p>Configuring and Verifying the Bridge ID (3.3.1.2) 154</p> <p>PortFast and BPDU Guard (3.3.1.3) 156</p> <p>PVST+ Load Balancing (3.3.1.4) 158</p> <p>Rapid PVST+ Configuration (3.3.2) 160</p> <p>Spanning Tree Mode (3.3.2.1) 161</p> <p>STP Configuration Issues (3.3.3) 163</p> <p>Analyzing the STP Topology (3.3.3.1) 164</p> <p>Expected Topology versus Actual Topology (3.3.3.2) 164</p> <p>Overview of Spanning Tree Status (3.3.3.3) 165</p> <p>Spanning Tree Failure Consequences (3.3.3.4) 166</p> <p>Repairing a Spanning Tree Problem (3.3.3.5) 169</p> <p>Switch Stacking and Chassis Aggregation (3.3.4) 169</p> <p>Switch Stacking Concepts (3.3.4.1) 169</p> <p>Spanning Tree and Switch Stacks (3.3.4.2) 170</p> <p>Summary (3.4) 173</p> <p>Practice 174</p> <p>Check Your Understanding Questions 174</p> <p><strong>Chapter 4</strong> EtherChannel and HSRP 179</p> <p>Objectives 179</p> <p>Key Terms 179</p> <p>Introduction (4.0.1.1) 180</p> <p>Link Aggregation Concepts (4.1) 181</p> <p>Link Aggregation (4.1.1) 181</p> <p>Introduction to Link Aggregation (4.1.1.1) 181</p> <p>Advantages of EtherChannel (4.1.1.2) 182</p> <p>EtherChannel Operation (4.1.2) 183</p> <p>Implementation Restrictions (4.1.2.1) 183</p> <p>Port Aggregation Protocol (4.1.2.2) 185</p> <p>Link Aggregation Control Protocol (4.1.2.3) 186</p> <p>Link Aggregation Configuration (4.2) 188</p> <p>Configuring EtherChannel (4.2.1) 188</p> <p>Configuration Guidelines (4.2.1.1) 188</p> <p>Configuring Interfaces (4.2.1.2) 189</p> <p>Verifying and Troubleshooting EtherChannel (4.2.2) 191</p> <p>Verifying EtherChannel (4.2.2.1) 191</p> <p>Troubleshooting EtherChannel (4.2.2.2) 194</p> <p>First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3) 198</p> <p>Concept of First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3.1) 198</p> <p>Default Gateway Limitations (4.3.1.1) 198</p> <p>Router Redundancy (4.3.1.2) 199</p> <p>Steps for Router Failover (4.3.1.3) 200</p> <p>First Hop Redundancy Protocols (4.3.1.5) 201</p> <p>HSRP Operations (4.3.2) 202</p> <p>HSRP Overview (4.3.2.1) 203</p> <p>HSRP Versions (4.3.2.2) 204</p> <p>HSRP Priority and Preemption (4.3.2.3) 204</p> <p>HSRP States and Timers (4.3.2.4) 205</p> <p>HSRP Configuration (4.3.3) 206</p> <p>HSRP Configuration Commands (4.3.3.1) 206</p> <p>HSRP Sample Configuration (4.3.3.2) 207</p> <p>HSRP Verification (4.3.3.3) 208</p> <p>HSRP Troubleshooting (4.3.4) 209</p> <p>HSRP Failure (4.3.4.1) 209</p> <p>HSRP Debug Commands (4.3.4.2) 210</p> <p>Common HSRP Configuration Issues (4.3.4.3) 213</p> <p>Summary (4.4) 214</p> <p>Practice 215</p> <p>Check Your Understanding Questions 216</p> <p><strong>Chapter 5</strong> Dynamic Routing 219</p> <p>Objectives 219</p> <p>Key Terms 219</p> <p>Introduction (5.0.1.1) 221</p> <p>Dynamic Routing Protocols (5.1) 222</p> <p>Types of Routing Protocols (5.1.1) 222</p> <p>Classifying Routing Protocols (5.1.1.1) 222</p> <p>IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (5.1.1.2) 224</p> <p>Distance Vector Routing Protocols (5.1.1.3) 226</p> <p>Link-State Routing Protocols (5.1.1.4) 226</p> <p>Classful Routing Protocols (5.1.1.5) 228</p> <p>Classless Routing Protocols (5.1.1.6) 231</p> <p>Routing Protocol Characteristics (5.1.1.7) 233</p> <p>Routing Protocol Metrics (5.1.1.8) 234</p> <p>Distance Vector Dynamic Routing (5.2) 236</p> <p>Distance Vector Fundamentals (5.2.1) 236</p> <p>Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (5.2.1.1) 236</p> <p>Cold Start (5.2.1.2) 237</p> <p>Network Discovery (5.2.1.3) 238</p> <p>Exchanging the Routing Information (5.2.1.4) 239</p> <p>Achieving Convergence (5.2.1.5) 241</p> <p>Distance Vector Routing Protocol Operation (5.2.2) 242</p> <p>Distance Vector Technologies (5.2.2.1) 242</p> <p>Distance Vector Algorithm (5.2.2.2) 242</p> <p>Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (5.2.3) 245</p> <p>Routing Information Protocol (5.2.3.1) 245</p> <p>Enhanced Interior-Gateway Routing Protocol (5.2.3.2) 246</p> <p>Link-State Dynamic Routing (5.3) 248</p> <p>Link-State Routing Protocol Operation (5.3.1) 248</p> <p>Shortest Path First Protocols (5.3.1.1) 248</p> <p>Dijkstra's Algorithm (5.3.1.2) 248</p> <p>SPF Example (5.3.1.3) 249</p> <p>Link-State Updates (5.3.2) 251</p> <p>Link-State Routing Process (5.3.2.1) 251</p> <p>Link and Link-State (5.3.2.2) 252</p> <p>Say Hello (5.3.2.3) 256</p> <p>Building the Link-State Packet (5.3.2.4) 257</p> <p>Flooding the LSP (5.3.2.5) 258</p> <p>Building the Link-State Database (5.3.2.6) 259</p> <p>Building the SPF Tree (5.3.2.7) 260</p> <p>Adding OSPF Routes to the Routing Table (5.3.2.8) 264</p> <p>Link-State Routing Protocol Benefits (5.3.3) 264</p> <p>Why Use Link-State Protocols? (5.3.3.1) 264</p> <p>Disadvantages of Link-State Protocols (5.3.3.2) 265</p> <p>Protocols That Use Link-State (5.3.3.3) 267</p> <p>Summary (5.4) 268</p> <p>Practice 269</p> <p>Check Your Understanding Questions 269</p> <p><strong>Chapter 6</strong> EIGRP 273</p> <p>Objectives 273</p> <p>Key Terms 273</p> <p>Introduction (6.0.1.1) 274</p> <p>EIGRP Characteristics (6.1) 274</p> <p>EIGRP Basic Features (6.1.1) 274</p> <p>Features of EIGRP (6.1.1.1) 274</p> <p>Protocol Dependent Modules (6.1.1.2) 276</p> <p>Reliable Transport Protocol (6.1.1.3) 278</p> <p>Authentication (6.1.1.4) 279</p> <p>EIGRP Packet Types (6.1.2) 279</p> <p>EIGRP Packet Types (6.1.2.1) 279</p> <p>EIGRP Hello Packets (6.1.2.2) 280</p> <p>EIGRP Update and Acknowledgment Packets (6.1.2.3) 281</p> <p>EIGRP Query and Reply Packets (6.1.2.4) 283</p> <p>EIGRP Messages (6.1.3) 284</p> <p>Encapsulating EIGRP Messages (6.1.3.1) 284</p> <p>EIGRP Packet Header and TLV (6.1.3.2) 285</p> <p>Implement EIGRP for IPv4 (6.2) 289</p> <p>Configure EIGRP with IPv4 (6.2.1) 289</p> <p>EIGRP Network Topology (6.2.1.1) 289</p> <p>Autonomous System Numbers (6.2.1.2) 291</p> <p>The router eigrp Command (6.2.1.3) 292</p> <p>EIGRP Router ID (6.2.1.4) 293</p> <p>Configuring the EIGRP Router ID (6.2.1.5) 295</p> <p>The network Command (6.2.1.6) 296</p> <p>The network Command and Wildcard Mask (6.2.1.7) 298</p> <p>Passive Interface (6.2.1.8) 300</p> <p>Verify EIGRP with IPv4 (6.2.2) 302</p> <p>Verifying EIGRP: Examining Neighbors (6.2.2.1) 302</p> <p>Verifying EIGRP: show ip protocols Command (6.2.2.2) 304</p> <p>Verifying EIGRP: Examine the IPv4 Routing Table (6.2.2.3) 306</p> <p>EIGRP Operation (6.3) 309</p> <p>EIGRP Initial Route Discovery (6.3.1) 309</p> <p>EIGRP Neighbor Adjacency (6.3.1.1) 310</p> <p>EIGRP Topology Table (6.3.1.2) 311</p> <p>EIGRP Convergence (6.3.1.3) 312</p> <p>EIGRP Metrics (6.3.2) 313</p> <p>EIGRP Composite Metric (6.3.2.1) 313</p> <p>Examining Interface Metric Values (6.3.2.2) 315</p> <p>Bandwidth Metric (6.3.2.3) 316</p> <p>Delay Metric (6.3.2.4) 319</p> <p>How to Calculate the EIGRP Metric (6.3.2.5) 320</p> <p>Calculating the EIGRP Metric (6.3.2.6) 321</p> <p>DUAL and the Topology Table (6.3.3) 323</p> <p>DUAL Concepts (6.3.3.1) 323</p> <p>Introduction to DUAL (6.3.3.2) 324</p> <p>Successor and Feasible Distance (6.3.3.3) 324</p> <p>Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition, and</p> <p>Reported Distance (6.3.3.4) 326</p> <p>Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (6.3.3.5) 328</p> <p>Topology Table: show ip eigrp topology Command (Cont.) (6.3.3.6) 329</p> <p>Topology Table: No Feasible Successor (6.3.3.7) 332</p> <p>DUAL and Convergence (6.3.4) 334</p> <p>DUAL Finite State Machine (FSM) (6.3.4.1) 334</p> <p>DUAL: Feasible Successor (6.3.4.2) 335</p> <p>DUAL: No Feasible Successor (6.3.4.3) 338</p> <p>Implement EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4) 341</p> <p>EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.1) 341</p> <p>EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.1.1) 341</p> <p>Compare EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6 (6.4.1.2) 342</p> <p>IPv6 Link-local Addresses (6.4.1.3) 344</p> <p>Configure EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.2) 345</p> <p>EIGRP for IPv6 Network Topology (6.4.2.1) 345</p> <p>Configuring IPv6 Link-local Addresses (6.4.2.2) 347</p> <p>Configuring the EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Process (6.4.2.3) 349</p> <p>The ipv6 eigrp Interface Command (6.4.2.4) 350</p> <p>Verifying EIGRP for IPv6 (6.4.3) 352</p> <p>IPv6 Neighbor Table (6.4.3.1) 352</p> <p>The show ip protocols Command (6.4.3.2) 354</p> <p>The EIGRP for IPv6 Routing Table (6.4.3.3) 355</p> <p>Summary (6.5) 358</p> <p>Practice 359</p> <p>Check Your Understanding Questions 360</p> <p><strong>Chapter 7</strong> EIGRP Tuning and Troubleshooting 365</p> <p>Objectives 365</p> <p>Key Terms 365</p> <p>Introduction (7.0.1.1) 366</p> <p>Tune EIGRP (7.1) 366</p> <p>Automatic Summarization (7.1.1) 366</p> <p>Network Topology (7.1.1.1) 367</p> <p>EIGRP Automatic Summarization (7.1.1.2) 369</p> <p>Configuring EIGRP Automatic Summarization (7.1.1.3) 371</p> <p>Verifying Auto-Summary: show ip protocols (7.1.1.4) 372</p> <p>Verifying Auto-Summary: Topology Table (7.1.1.5) 375</p> <p>Verifying Auto-Summary: Routing Table (7.1.1.6) 376</p> <p>Summary Route (7.1.1.7) 378</p> <p>Summary Route (Cont.) (7.1.1.8) 379</p> <p>Default Route Propagation (7.1.2) 380</p> <p>Propagating a Default Static Route (7.1.2.1) 380</p> <p>Verifying the Propagated Default Route (7.1.2.2) 382</p> <p>EIGRP for IPv6: Default Route (7.1.2.3) 383</p> <p>Fine-tuning EIGRP Interfaces (7.1.3) 384</p> <p>EIGRP Bandwidth Utilization (7.1.3.1) 385</p> <p>Hello and Hold Timers (7.1.3.2) 386</p> <p>Load Balancing IPv4 (7.1.3.3) 388</p> <p>Load Balancing IPv6 (7.1.3.4) 390</p> <p>Troubleshoot EIGRP (7.2) 392</p> <p>Components of Troubleshooting EIGRP (7.2.1) 392</p> <p>Basic EIGRP Troubleshooting Commands (7.2.1.1) 392</p> <p>Components (7.2.1.2) 394</p> <p>Troubleshoot EIGRP Neighbor Issues (7.2.2) 397</p> <p>Layer 3 Connectivity (7.2.2.1) 397</p> <p>EIGRP Parameters (7.2.2.2) 398</p> <p>EIGRP Interfaces (7.2.2.3) 399</p> <p>Troubleshoot EIGRP Routing Table Issues (7.2.3) 401</p> <p>Passive Interface (7.2.3.1) 401</p> <p>Missing Network Statement (7.2.3.2) 403</p> <p>Autosummarization (7.2.3.3) 405</p> <p>Summary (7.3) 410</p> <p>Practice 411</p> <p>Check Your Understanding</p>